Given the extreme vulnerability of a submarine to ramming or even small-calibre shellfire, a U-boat that surfaced and gave warning against a merchantman which had been given such instructions was putting itself in great danger. Captain William Thomas Turner took the helm of the Lusitania when the ship's prior captain fell too ill to operate her. The case was to be heard without a jury. Schwieger's log entries attest that he launched only one torpedo. "The Lusitania's Last Voyage", Linda and Gary Cargill "Those Who Dream By Day", This page was last edited on 15 January 2023, at 21:09. [citation needed] Merchant ships had, in fact, been advised to steer directly at any U-boat that surfaced. We simply sank an English ship with passengers who, at their own risk and responsibility, entered the zone of operations. Schwieger was condemned in the Allied press as a war criminal. Signed R Baudichon. [45][46], On 8 May, the local county coroner John Hogan opened an inquest in Kinsale into the deaths of two males and three females whose bodies had been brought ashore by a local boat, Heron. Learn how and when to remove this template message, United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, St Dunstan's Blinded Soldiers and Sailors Hostel, Dead Wake: The Last Crossing of the Lusitania, List by death toll of ships sunk by submarines, "The Lusitania Resource: Lusitania Passengers & Crew, Facts & History", "The Lusitania Disaster | Articles & Essays | Newspaper Pictorials: World War I Rotogravures, 1914-1919 | Digital Collections | Library of Congress", "Remembering the Sinking of the RMS Lusitania", "Memorandum to War Cabinet on trade blockade", "Why Was the Snking of the Lusitania Important? [2]:363 In an interview in 1933, Turner reverted to his original statement that there had been only one torpedo. Many lifeboats overturned while loading or lowering, spilling passengers into the sea and others were overturned by the ship's motion when they hit the water. By 10:00, the fog began to lift, by noon it had been replaced by bright sunshine over a clear smooth sea and speed increased to 18 knots. Learn more in this infographic. He argued that up until the time of the sinking he had no reason to think that zig-zagging in a fast ship would help. Bailey, Thomas A. Over the years various other copies have been made.[83]. The disaster immediately . Mai". The first note affirmed the right of Americans to travel as passengers on merchant ships and called for the Germans to abandon submarine warfare against commercial vessels, whatever flag they sailed under (including 3 other ships: the Falaba, the Cushing, and the Gulflight). [88] Barbara died on 12 April 2008 in Wallingford, Connecticut, at the age of 95.[89]. The Mauretania would later claim the Blue Riband, and the two ships regularly vied for the honour. He believed dust in the bunkers would have been thrown into the air by the vibration from the explosion; the resulting cloud would have been ignited by a spark, causing the second explosion. Within six minutes, Lusitania's forecastle began to submerge. Butler Aspinall, who had represented the Board of Trade at the Titanic inquiry, was retained to represent Cunard. Imperial German Embassy At the time she entered service the Lusitania was Cunard's largestvessel to date. Ballard, Robert D., & Dunmore, Spencer. As part of this, ordinary cross-channel traffic to the Netherlands was halted from 19 April and false reports were leaked about troop ship movements from ports on Britain's western and southern coasts. The torpedoing and then sinking of the Cunard liner Lusitania on 7 May 1915 is of course one of the iconic events of World War Iwith broad military/naval and diplomatic consequences. He said at Philadelphia on 10 May 1915: There is such a thing as a man being too proud to fight. [2]:415416. The RMSLusitania was a UK-registered ocean liner that was torpedoed by an Imperial German Navy U-boat during the First World War on 7 May 1915, about 11 nautical miles (20 kilometres) off the Old Head of Kinsale, Ireland. Bjning Documents Lexikon Collaborative Dictionary Grammatik Expressio Reverso Corporate. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Hoehling, A.A. and Mary Hoehling. The wreck of Lusitania lies on her starboard side at an approximately 30-degree angle in 305 feet (93 metres) of sea water. Captain Daniel Dow of Lusitania refused to give his own position except in code, and since he was, in any case, some distance from the positions he gave, continued to Liverpool unescorted. [27] On 6 May U-20 sank the 6,000 ton steamer Candidate. Captain Dow, apparently suffering from stress from operating his ship in the war zone, and after a significant "false flag" controversy[further explanation needed] left the ship; Cunard later explained that he was "tired and really ill."[16] He was replaced with a new commander, Captain William Thomas Turner, who had commanded Lusitania, Mauretania, and Aquitania in the years before the war. The Admiralty considered these old cruisers highly vulnerable to submarines, and indeed Schwieger attempted to target the ship. [28], Captain Turner of Lusitania was given a warning message twice on the evening of 6 May, and took what he felt were prudent precautions. The team estimated . Detective Inspector William Pierpoint of the Liverpool police, who was travelling in the guise of a first-class passenger, interrogated them before locking them in the cells for further questioning when the ship reached Liverpool. German Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg persuaded the Kaiser to forbid action against ships flying neutral flags and the U-boat war was postponed once again on 27 August, as it was realised that British ships could easily fly neutral flags. In November 1914 the British announced that the entire North Sea was now a War Zone, and issued orders restricting the passage of neutral shipping into and through the North Sea to special channels where supervision would be possible (the other approaches having been mined). [7] Her cargo had included an estimated 4,200,000 rifle cartridges, 1,250 empty shell cases, and 18 cases of non-explosive fuses,[66] all of which were listed in her manifest, but the cartridges were not officially classed as ammunition by the Cunard Line.[67]. While a large number of small children and infants helped reduce the squeeze into the limited number of two- and four-berth cabins, the situation was rectified by allowing some Second Class passengers to occupy empty First Class cabins. Merchant ships were to be warned by warships, and their passengers and crew allowed to abandon ship before they were sunk, unless the ship resisted or tried to escape, or was in a convoy protected by warships. The note was written by Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan, a pacifist who was leery of issuing too forceful a rebuke out of fear that it might draw the United States into the war. versttning Context Stavningskontroll Synonymer Bjning. Most probably, Pierpoint, who survived the sinking,[23] would already have been informed about Leach. The return of the battleship Orion from Devonport to Scotland was delayed until 4 May and she was given orders to stay 100 nautical miles (190km) from the Irish coast. Leach and the three German stowaways went down with the ship. Washington, D.C. 22 April 1915. ; The Evidence of the German Medal Dated May 5 and the Report of the Explosive "Cigars" on Board", "Bedfordshire Lusitania survivor keeps story alive", Barbara Winifred Anderson McDermott: Visit on a Sunday Afternoon, 21 July 2002, "Propeller from RMS Lusitania on display at Hilton Anatole in Dallas", "R.M.S. Economizing measures were taken, however. Steam turbine engines powered quadruple screws, giving a service speed of 25 knots. [81][82] Unlike the original Goetz medals which were sand-cast from bronze, the British copies were of diecast iron and were of poorer quality. Lord Mersey had a background in commercial rather than maritime law but had presided over a number of important maritime investigations, including that into the loss of Titanic. Nearly 1,200 people were killed. Mayer's judgement was that "the cause of the sinking was the illegal act of the Imperial German Government", that two torpedoes had been involved, that the captain had acted properly and emergency procedures had been up to the standard then expected. The decision was rendered on 23 August 1918. Half an hour after the inquest had concluded and its results given to the press, the Crown Solicitor for Cork, Harry Wynne, arrived with instructions to halt it. According to Bailey and Ryan, Lusitania was travelling without any flag and her name painted over with darkish dye. He also suggested that the US government issue an explicit warning against US citizens travelling on any belligerent ships. In Third Class, the situation was considered to be the norm for an eastbound crossing, with only 373 travelling in accommodations designed for 1,186. [2]:200202, U-20 surfaced again at 12:45 as visibility was now excellent. [88] Barbara recalled being in the ship's dining room eating dessert when the torpedo hit. She devoted much of her time to founding and running the Avon Old Farms School. The United States authorities would not permit us to carry ammunition, classified as such by the military authorities, on a passenger liner. [36] While it was still possible to board the lifeboats on the port side, lowering them presented a different problem. Corrections? [11], Lusitania was scheduled to arrive in Liverpool on 6 March 1915. On the morning of 7 May, visibility was poor and Schwieger decided to head for home. [38] Some crewmen would lose their grip on ropes used to lower the lifeboats while trying to lower the boats into the ocean, and this caused the passengers to spill into the sea. "German Documents Relating to the 'Lusitania'". Director Christopher Spencer Writers Sarah Williams Diana Preston (book "The Sinking of the Lusitania") Stars John Hannah Kenneth Cranham Florian Panzner See production, box office & company info Add to Watchlist 20 User reviews Photos 7 Top cast Edit Painting by William Lionel Wyllie, The second explosion made passengers believe U-20 had torpedoed Lusitania a second time. The head of the Lusitania Souvenir Medal Committee later estimated that 250,000 were sold, proceeds being given to the Red Cross and St Dunstan's Blinded Soldiers and Sailors Hostel. Kirkpatrick, John (1973). "), while the reverse showed a skeleton selling Cunard tickets with the motto "Geschft ber Alles" ("Business Above All").[77]. Last heard of twenty miles south of Coningbeg Light Vessel". [88] He was unable to accompany his wife and daughter on Lusitania as the First World War had created high demands for ammunition manufacturing at the factory where he worked. At 13:25, the submarine submerged to periscope depth of 11metres and set a course to intercept the liner at her maximum submerged speed of 9 knots. The British ocean liners demise contributed indirectly to the United States entry into World War I. [20] Turner tried to calm the passengers by explaining that the ship's speed made her safe from attack by submarine. [65] While it was true that Lusitania had been fitted with gun mounts as part of government loan requirements during her construction, to enable rapid conversion into an Armed Merchant Cruiser (AMC) in the event of war, the guns themselves were never fitted. The three had agreed that the Admiralty warning of "submarine activity 20 miles [37km] south of Coningbeg" effectively overrode other Admiralty advice to keep to 'mid channel', which was where the submarine had been reported. Turned international opinion against Germany. Dudley Field Malone, Collector of the Port of New York, issued an official denial to the German charges, saying that Lusitania had been inspected before her departure and no guns were found, mounted or unmounted. The sinking of the Lusitania changed American public opinion about entering World War I. Of the 1,960 verified people on board Lusitania, 767 survived. But getting a definitive answer has been difficult. The conventions had been drawn up in a time before the invention of the submarine and took no account of the severe risk a small vessel, such as a submarine, faced if it gave up the advantage of a surprise attack. Some of the passengers were disturbed that the ship appeared to be advertising her presence. The entries were also consistent with intercepted radio reports sent to Germany by U-20 once she had returned to the North Sea, before any possibility of an official coverup. At 2:10 p.m., a torpedo plowed into the ship and exploded. ", 1914-1918-online. Many witnesses testified that portholes across the ship had been open at the time of the sinking, and an expert witness confirmed that such a porthole three feet under water would let in four tons of water per minute. Log first published in, Thomas A. Bailey/Paul B. Ryan: The Lusitania Disaster: An Episode in Modern Warfare and Diplomacy., Free Press/Collier Macmillan, New York/London 1975. However, accounts from the few survivors who managed to escape from the forward two boiler rooms reported that the ship's boilers did not explode. However, evidence from the U-boat itself corroborates that only one torpedo was fired towards the Lusitania, Schwieger even commenting in his war diary that firing a second torpedo was impossible due to the crowd of frenzied passengers who dived into the ocean in panic. The ship travelled about two nautical miles (4km) from the time of the torpedoing to her final resting place, leaving a trail of debris and people behind. [126] It is also known the forward boiler room filled with steam, and steam pressure feeding the turbines dropped dramatically following the second explosion. On 7th May 1915 while nearing the end of its voyage from New York to Liverpool in waters some 11 miles off Kinsale, Co. Cork, a German U-boat fired upon the 787ft luxury cruise liner. Following reports of German U-boat activity along the Irish coast, the Lusitania was warned to avoid the area and to adopt the evasive tactic of zigzagging. [26] At 22:30 on 5 May, the Royal Navy sent an uncoded warning to all ships "Submarines active off the south coast of Ireland" and at midnight an addition was made to the regular nightly warnings, "submarine off Fastnet". His collection included pieces by Monet, Rembrandt, and Rubens. Naval instructions about zig-zag were read to the captain, who confirmed that he had received them, though later added that they did not appear to be as he recollected. Reviewed by Kenneth J. Blume, Ph.D. A lifeboat davit and some other artefacts are displayed at the Lusitania Museum & Old Head Signal Tower on Old Head of Kinsale. After the war Goetz expressed his regret that his work had been the cause of increasing anti-German feelings, but it remains a celebrated propaganda act. The following month it won the Blue Riband for fastest Atlantic crossing, averaging nearly 24 knots. [72], There was disagreement over this move between the navy's admirals (headed by Alfred von Tirpitz) and Bethman-Hollweg. Lusitania's bow slammed into the bottom about 100 metres (330ft) below at a shallow angle because of her forward momentum as she sank. The complete passenger and crew manifest is available in the downloads section. A torpedo struck and exploded amidships on the starboard side, and a heavier explosion followed, possibly caused by damage to the ships steam engines and pipes. 1, but rather in the high-pressure steam lines to the turbines.[127]. "Did these Stories Really Happen?". [6], The Admiralty then cancelled their earlier decision and decided not to use her as an AMC after all; large liners such as Lusitania consumed enormous quantities of coal (910 tons/day, or 37.6 tons/hour) and became a serious drain on the Admiralty's fuel reserves, so express liners were deemed inappropriate for the role when smaller cruisers would do. The embassy decided to warn passengers before her next crossing not to sail aboard Lusitania, and on 22 April placed a warning advertisement in 50 American newspapers, including those in New York:[17], .mw-parser-output span.allcaps{text-transform:uppercase}Notice! Some believe damage to the steam room and pipes caused the latter blast, hastening the Lusitanias sinking. The keel has an "unusual curvature", in a boomerang shape, which may be related to a lack of strength from the loss of her superstructure. The wreck is badly collapsed onto its starboard side, due to the force with which it struck the bottom coupled with the forces of winter tides and corrosion in the decades since the sinking. By November 4, 2022 6 points on license michigan. Described by the New York Times as "the Kaiser's official mouthpiece", Dernburg had served as a leading voice for German propaganda in the United States since 1914. The reverse shows a view of the starboard quarter of the Lusitania correctly depicted sinking bow first. [2]:216217[33]. Barbara later learned that her mother fell into the sea but was rescued and placed into the same lifeboat as her daughter. 15. jira recruitment template According to international maritime law, any military vessel stopping an unarmed civilian ship was required to allow those on board time to escape before sinking it. (Courtesy Eoin McGarry) Lusitania was sunk off County Cork on May 7, 1915. Most of the survivors (and dead) had been taken to Queenstown instead of Kinsale, which was closer. [3] The sinking turned public opinion in many countries against Germany. He stated that he had received other instructions from the Admiralty which he had carried out but was not permitted to discuss. Assistant Manager of the Cunard Line, Herman Winter, denied the charge that she carried munitions: She had aboard 4,200 cases of cartridges, but they were cartridges for small arms, packed in separate cases they certainly do not come under the classification of ammunition. Only the very highest officers in the Admiralty saw the information and passed on warnings only when they felt it essential. The nature of the official cargo was considered, but experts considered that under no conditions could the cargo have exploded. On May 13, 1915, the U.S. government sent a note to Berlin expressing an indictment of the principles on which the submarine war was being fought. [55], On 10 June, just before the hearing, significant changes were made to the Defence of the Realm Act, which made it an offence to collect or publish information about the nature, use, or carriage of "war materials" for any reason. View of casualties and survivors in the water and in lifeboats. The wreck of Lusitania was located on 6 October 1935, 11 miles (18 km) south of the lighthouse at Kinsale. The paintings have never been found. In 1915 it was sunk by a German U-boat, resulting in the death of 1,198 people, including 128 Americans. [122][125], In 2007, marine forensic investigators considered that an explosion in the ship's steam-generating plant could be a plausible explanation for the second explosion. The "Prize rules" or "Cruiser rules", laid down by the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907, governed the seizure of vessels at sea during wartime, although changes in technology such as radio and the submarine eventually made parts of them irrelevant. ", "Detective-Inspector William John Pierpoint", "Wreck Commissioner's Inquiry The torpedoing of the ship The launching of the life-boats", The Sinking of the Lusitania: Terror at Sea, "Miss Kathleen Kaye (Hannah Ermine Kathleen Kirschbaum)", "Sinking Justified, Says Dr. Dernburg; Lusitania a "War Vessel", Known to be Carrying Contraband, Hence Search Was Not Necessary", "A NEW THEORY OF THE LUSITANIA SINKING. Clement Edwards, representing the seamen's union, attempted to introduce evidence about which watertight compartments had been involved but was prevented from doing so by Lord Mersey. [2]:228 At 14:14, electrical power failed, plunging the cavernous interior of the ship into darkness. His position was supported by evidence from other captains, who said that prior to the sinking of Lusitania no merchant ships zig-zagged. [2]:413414. This was used to prohibit discussion about the ship's cargo. It also contributed to the American entry into the War two years later; images of the stricken liner were used heavily in US propaganda and military recruiting campaigns. This was not wholly unrestricted submarine warfare, since efforts would be taken to avoid sinking neutral ships. [59] They also stated that since she was classed as an auxiliary cruiser, Germany had had a right to destroy her regardless of any passengers aboard, and that the warnings issued by the German Embassy before her sailing plus 18 February note declaring the existence of "war zones", relieved Germany of any responsibility for the deaths of American citizens aboard. The roots of this view began in the first reports about the sinking from Vice-Admiral Coke commanding the Navy at Queenstown. [2]:197, At about 11:00 on 7 May, the Admiralty radioed another warning to all ships, probably as a result of a request by Alfred Booth, who was concerned about Lusitania: "U-boats active in southern part of Irish Channel. [123] Allegations the ship was carrying more controversial cargo, such as fine aluminium powder, concealed as cheese on her cargo manifests, or guncotton (pyroxylene) disguised as casks of beef, have never been proven. On May 7, 1915, a German U-boat torpedoed the British-owned luxury steamship Lusitania, killing 1,195 people including 128 Americans, according to the Library of Congress. [2]:156,445446 Also among the crew was an Englishman, Neal Leach, who had been working as a tutor in Germany before the war. Lusitania: a Limited Edition set of Lusitania Legacy golf clubs", "Toronto's Lusitania model bound for Halifax", "Seven Days in May Kim Izzo Paperback", "How the sinking of the Lusitania inspired my new book", "Lest We Forget Part 2: As The Lusitania Went Down", "Lusitania Controversy: Armament and Cargo", "Shipwreck of the Cunard Line Lusitania", "British 'Not to Blame' for Rapid Sinking and Loss of Life on Liner RMS Lusitania, Find Underwater Researchers", "Lusitania Controversy: The Second Explosion", "Is The Riddle of The Lusitania About to be Solved? The Evidence of the German Medal Dated May 5 and the Report of the Explosive "Cigars" on Board. Packaging should be the same as what is found in a retail store, unless the item is handmade or was packaged by the manufacturer in non-retail packaging, such as an unprinted box or plastic bag. However, German submarine warfare was cited when the United States declared war in 1917. 0 4 MORE: rms, lusitania, war, tragedy, torpedo 4 Comments & Ratings Add your comment The attack took place in the declared maritime war-zone around the UK, shortly after unrestricted submarine warfare against the ships of the United Kingdom had been announced by Germany following the Allied powers' implementation of a naval blockade against it and the other Central Powers. He ruled that further claims for compensation should be addressed to the German government (which eventually paid $2.5 million in 1925). Legend: Lusitania May 7, 1915. Ballard tried to confirm John Light's findings of a large hole on the port side of the wreck, and did not find anything. Not realising his error, Goetz made copies of the medal and sold them in Munich and also to some numismatic dealers with whom he conducted business. From February 18 onwards every enemy merchant vessel encountered in this zone will be destroyed, nor will it always be possible to avert the danger thereby threatened to the crew and passengers. The owner of the salvage rights, venture capitalist Gregg Bemis, plans to put the telegraph and its pedestal in a nearby museum, alongside other items pulled from the wreck. Evidence produced in open court for the Mersey investigation was considered, but evidence from the British closed sessions was not. Captain Turner was on the deck near the bridge clutching the ship's logbook and charts when a wave swept upward towards the bridge and the rest of the ship's forward superstructure, knocking him overboard into the sea. Once again, Woodrow Wilson was furious and on 6 April 1917 the United States Congress followed Wilson's request to declare war on Germany. His last words on the subject were: "The Lusitania case was a damned, dirty business!" Theres a popular misconception that the wreck was used for depth charge practice by the British navy or was intentionally damaged by the navy during WW2 but its untrue. . One over-enthusiastic propagandist's fabricated story was circulated that in some regions of Germany, schoolchildren were given a holiday to celebrate the sinking of Lusitania. The German government, while insisting on the legitimacy of its campaign against Allied shipping, disavowed the sinking of Arabic; it offered an indemnity and pledged to order submarine commanders to abandon unannounced attacks on merchant and passenger vessels.[71]. ("NO CONTRABAND! As the ship came closer to Ireland, Captain Turner ordered depth soundings to be made and at 08:00 for speed to be reduced to eighteen knots, then to 15 knots and for the foghorn to be sounded. Omissions? #Lusitania*****UPDATELusitania Pack - Adding wreckCheck your mail for updates. The British Foreign Office obtained a copy of the medal, photographed it, and sent copies to the United States where it was published in the New York Times on 5 May 1916. She sank in 18 minutes killing 1,193 people. U-20's torpedo officer, Raimund Weisbach, viewed the destruction through the vessel's periscope and felt the explosion was unusually severe. (2010). This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lusitania-British-ship, 1914-1918-online. . Limited armament on a merchant ship, such as one or two guns, did not necessarily affect the ship's immunity to attack without warning, and neither did a cargo of munitions or materiel. Lord Mersey observed that it was his job to get at the truth, and thereafter became more critical of Admiralty evidence. This was accurate enough to locate the wreck after the war. Despite being sympathetic to Bryan's antiwar feelings, Wilson insisted that the German government must apologise for the sinking, compensate US victims, and promise to avoid any similar occurrence in the future.[71]. The English wish to abandon the German people to death by starvation. This was the cruiser Juno(1895) returning to Queenstown, travelling fast and zig-zagging having received warning of submarine activity off Queenstown at 07:45. In the United States, 67 claims for compensation were lodged against Cunard, which were all heard together in 1918 before the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. Cruisers protecting merchant ships were warned not to use the code to give directions to shipping because it could just as easily attract enemy submarines as steering ships away from them. The Secret Plotting of German Spies in the United States and the Inside Story of the Sinking of the Lusitania by Jones, John Price, ISBN 0343216086 . The Lusitania sank on May 7, 1915. U-boats then began to attack merchant vessels at times, although almost always in accordance with the old cruiser rules. [60], The fact that Lusitania had been carrying shell casings and rifle cartridges was not made known to the British public at the time, as it was felt that, although allowed under the regulations of the time, it would be used in German propaganda. The ships captain, William Thomas Turner, chose to ignore these recommendations, and on the afternoon of May 7 the vessel was attacked. Backed by State Department second-in-command Robert Lansing, Wilson made his position clear in three notes to the German government issued on 13 May, 9 June, and 21 July. My point being that even years later, Lusitania's lifeboats were still saving people, albeit in a different way.The year we rowed sea dragon to Ireland was 1983" The wreck of the ship is owned by an American businessman named F. Gregg Bemis Junior.Although Mr Bemis has proved his ownership in three separate courts,the Irish Office of Public Works have placed an Underwater Heritage Order upon the site occupied by Mr. Bemis' property. Supported by evidence from the Admiralty considered these old cruisers highly vulnerable to submarines and... Have been informed about Leach that under no conditions could the cargo have exploded within six minutes Lusitania! The Avon old Farms School 7 May, visibility was now excellent the roots of this view began in downloads... Calm the passengers were disturbed that the US government issue an explicit warning against citizens... Subject were: `` the Lusitania changed American public opinion about entering World I! ( 93 metres ) of sea water, Connecticut, at their own risk and,! 1,960 verified people on Board Lusitania, 767 survived sea but was rescued and placed into the sea was! Room and pipes caused the latter blast, hastening the Lusitanias sinking in the steam. 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Were disturbed that the ship the three German stowaways went down with the old cruiser rules service speed 25., 767 survived quadruple screws, giving a service speed of 25 knots statement There... Would be taken to avoid sinking neutral ships a different problem approximately 30-degree in... Pierpoint, who survived the sinking from Vice-Admiral Coke commanding the navy 's admirals ( headed Alfred... Entered service the Lusitania was Cunard & # x27 ; s largestvessel to date own risk and responsibility, the! Over with darkish dye # x27 ; s largestvessel to date although almost always in accordance the!