Lorenzo de Medici (1449-1492), also known as Lorenzo the Magnificent, was a poet himself, and supported the work of such Renaissance masters as Sandro Botticelli, Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo (whom the Medicis commissioned to complete their family tombs in Florence). However, as their wealth grew, there appeared a moral dilemma. He made an enormous amount of money doing this, as did many Florentine bankers." They and other families of Italy inspired the Italian Renaissance, such as the Visconti and Sforza in Milan, the Este in Ferrara, the Borgia in Rome, and the Gonzaga in Mantua. Galileo named the four largest moons of Jupiter after four Medici children he tutored, although the names Galileo used are not the names currently used. Born in Rome, she is most known as the wife of Lorenzo de' Medici (Lorenzo the Magnificent), de facto ruler . Please join us. And at the heart of Florence sat the Medici - perhaps the ugliest family in all of Italian history. On the right is a meeting of the liberal arts near a fountain. The Medici family started with the traditional bench, lending money to merchants with interest, which led to establishing the Medici Bank, founded in 1397. Due to his illness, he mostly stayed at home bedridden, and therefore did little to further the Medici control of Florence while in power. Alum is essential as a mordant in the dyeing of certain cloths and was used extensively in Florence, where the main industry was textile manufacturing. 2. The Medici family had a long and powerful influence in European history for hundreds of years. https://www.history.com/topics/renaissance/medici-family. Cosimo de Medici, the older brother, established the familys political base. By 1722, the electress was not even acknowledged as heiress, and Cosimo was reduced to spectator at the conferences for Tuscany's future. [32] Cosimo died of consumption (tuberculosis) in 1621. [sibling (s) unknown] Husband of Leonor lvarez (Toledo) de Medici married 29 Mar 1539 (to 17 Dec 1562) in By Proxy. . Henry explicitly stated that he would defend Tuscany from Spanish aggression, but later reneged, after which Ferdinando was forced to marry his heir, Cosimo, to Maria Maddalena of Austria to assuage Spain (where Maria Maddalena's sister Margaret was the incumbent Queen consort). Answer (1 of 3): The authentic Medici bloodline is long dead: they went extinct in the 1700s, the last man being Giangastone de Medici. In 1535, Ippolito Cardinal de' Medici died under mysterious circumstances. The Medici villa of Cafaggiolo was the family's Mugello home, located near present day Barberino di Mugello. Click to learn more! That shield was red strewn with Byzantine coins (bezants). The familys roots supposedly are linked to one of Charlemagnes eighth-century knights, named Averardo. He is most remembered as the patron of astronomer Galileo Galilei, whose 1610 treatise, Sidereus Nuncius, was dedicated to him. The last ruler of the House of Medici was Gian Gastone, who died in 1737. As I have had more honour and responsibility among you than any private citizen has had in our day, I am more bound than any other person to serve our country, even at the risk of my life. They were among the earliest businesses to use the general ledger system of accounting through the development of the double-entry bookkeeping system for tracking credits and debits. The Medici ruled the Grand Duchy from its inception until 1737, with the death of Gian Gastone de' Medici. A scouting party was sent out, and in late December the read more. Medici, House ofThe Medici family dominated the Italian city of Florence throughout the Renaissance and beyond, from 1434 to 1737. Ancestors. Did you know? Although he never held any political office, he gained strong popular support for the family through his support for the introduction of a proportional system of taxation. The Medici Family. Ferdinando died in 1609, leaving an affluent realm; his inaction in international affairs, however, would have long-reaching consequences down the line. [49] In January 1737, the Spanish troops withdrew from Tuscany, and were replaced by Austrians. Gian Gastone revelled in upsetting her. The most outstanding sculpture created during his reign, Baccio Bandinelli's colossal . They were also protagonists of the counter-reformation, from the beginning of the reformation through the Council of Trent and the French wars of religion. Following her father's assassination, she was reared at the court of Cosimo I de' Medici and married advantageously twice. Cosimo de' Medici. ADVERTISEMENT One Salvestro de' Medici was speaker of the woolmakers' guild during the Ciompi revolt of 137882, and one Antonio de' Medici was exiled from Florence in 1396. Another branch of the family, descended from Salvestros distant cousin Giovanni di Bicci de Medici, would begin the great Medici dynasty. Lorenzo's son Piero II took over as the head of Florence after Lorenzo's death. Through Marie, all succeeding French monarchs (bar the Napoleons) were descended from Francesco. [12] Until the late 14th century, the leading family of Florence was the House of Albizzi. Francis younger brother Ferdinand, who became grand duke in 1587, restored Tuscany to stability and prosperity. Ferdinando also sponsored a Tuscan expedition to the New World with the intention of establishing a Tuscan colony, an enterprise that brought no result for permanent colonial acquisitions. 3. Clarice Orsini (c. 1453 - 29 July 1487) was the daughter of Jacopo (Giacomo) Orsini (see Orsini family), lord of Monterotondo and Bracciano, and his wife and cousin Maddalena Orsini. The pact states that the artworks belong to the state to educate people about the Medici family and attract tourism. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Louis repudiated her pro-Habsburg policy in 1617. Cosimo was in Italy, Eleanora in Spain. However, these portions of his proclamation were completely ignored, and he died a few days later. The family business is believed to have dwindled in the hands of its later descendants. They clearly dominated Florentine representative government without abolishing it altogether. The next few years marked the high point of Medici influence in Europe, as Leo X followed in his fathers humanistic footsteps and devoted himself to artistic patronage. Netflix viewers have been left wondering how the new characters, led by Lorenzo de Medici (played by Daniel Sharman) are related to those in season one, which starred Richard Madden as Cosimo de . Giovannis two sons, Cosimo (13891464) and Lorenzo (13941440), both of whom acquired the appellation of the Elder, founded the famous lines of the Medici family. Giovanni de Medici: First Power Broker Giovanni de Bicci de' Medici was the first Medici of import. In the 16th century a third line renounced republican notions and imposed its tyranny, and its members made themselves a dynasty of grand dukes of Tuscany. The Medici family had up to ten bank branches: in Avignon, Venice, Rome, Naples, Milan, Pisa, Geneva, Lyon, Bruges, and London. In 1736, following the War of the Polish Succession, Don Carlos was disbarred from Tuscany, and Francis III of Lorraine was made heir in his stead. The Medici family . Her name was the Contessina de' Bardi. [56] (see Medici family tree). 15 Feb 1471, d. 28 Dec 1503. Upon the death of his first son, Cosimo contemplated restoring the Florentine republic, either upon Anna Maria Luisa's death, or on his own, if he predeceased her. They had a major influence on the growth of the Italian Renaissance through their patronage of the arts and humanism. [72][73] The number of balls also varied with time, as shown below. Eldest son of Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany. Where do the rich people live in Florence? Giovanni was a self made man with a rags to riches story, bringing his family from abject obscurity to nationwide fame. Giulio de' Medici, the illegitimate son of Lorenzo the Magnificent's brother Giuliano, abdicated power in 1523 to become Pope Clement VII, and the short and brutal rule of Alessandro (reputed to be Giulio's own illegitimate son) ended with his assassination in 1537. The period has even been called the century of Leo X. From 1513 to 1521, surrounded by five nephews and cousins whom he had named cardinals, Leo X reigned less over Christianity than over arts and letters in the style of his father, the Magnificent, too occupied with patronage to pay sufficient attention to an unimportant monk by the name of Martin Luther. His conduct at the banquets was less than regal; he often vomited repeatedly into his napkin, belched, and regaled those present with socially inappropriate jokes. In this Florence travel guide, I take you on a tour of the three palaces that the Medici . Ferdinando's successor, Cosimo II, reigned for less than 12 years. Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici (c. 13601429), son of Averardo de' Medici (13201363), increased the wealth of the family through his creation of the Medici Bank, and became one of the richest men in the city of Florence. Nephew of Giuliano de' Medici, Duke of Nemours, son of Piero the Unfortunate. In the first place, not being soldiers, they were constantly confronting their adversaries with bribes of gold rather than with battalions of armed men. The Habsburgs were deposed in favor of the House of Bourbon-Parma in 1801 (themselves deposed in 1807), but were later restored at the Congress of Vienna. Despite his refusal of official approval, the pope nonetheless allowed the plot to proceed without interfering, and, after the failed assassination of Lorenzo, also gave dispensation for crimes done in the service of the church. In the 15th century the line of Cosimo the Elder set up a hereditary principate in Florence but without legal right or title, hence subject to sudden overthrow; crowns burgeoned, however, on the last branches of their genealogical tree, for two of them were dukes outside Florence, their last heir in a direct line became queen of France (Catherine de Mdicis), and their final offspring, Alessandro, was duke of Florence. The line of Chiarissimo II failed to gain power in Florence in the 14th century. The reign of Cosimo I placed the Medici on a level with many . The barbarous, unenlightened Middle Ages were over, they said; the new age would be a rinascit (rebirth) of learning and literature, art and culture. As such, Medici rule stagnated until the next generation, when Piero's son Lorenzo took over. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Notes: Direct descendants of the listed European Royalty - are also either direct descendants or distant cousins of the relevant listed Notable and Famous Descendants. View Site Catherine d'Medici - King's College Catherine de' Medici was born to the Medici family of Florence in 1519. Together, they have tens of thousands of living descendants today, including all of the Roman Catholic royal families of Europebut they are not patrilineal Medici. The exile of the Medici lasted until 1512, after which the "senior" branch of the familythose descended from Cosimo the Elderwere able to rule until the assassination of Alessandro de' Medici, first Duke of Florence, in 1537. Descendants Cosimo I, Grand Duke of Tuscany Maria (1540-1557) Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (1541-1587) married Johanna of Austria. In 1378, Salvestro de' Medici proposed a reform widening the suffrage within the Republic, attracting the sympathy of the population for his family. The Medici family have claimed to have funded the invention of the piano and opera,[7][verification needed][8][non-tertiary source needed] financed the construction of Saint Peter's Basilica and Santa Maria del Fiore, and were patrons of Brunelleschi, Botticelli, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, Machiavelli, Galileo and Francesco Redi among many others in the arts and sciences. [79], Old coat of arms of the Medici used by Giovanni di Bicci and Cosimo the Elder, The intermediate coat of arms of the Medici, Or, six balls in orle gules, The "augmented coat of arms of the Medici, Or, five balls in orle gules, in chief a larger one of the arms of France (viz. [19], Piero de' Medici (14161469), Cosimo's son, was only in power for five years (14641469). [1], Coat of Arms of the Grand-Duke of Tuscany, Coat of Arms of Catherine of Medici, as Queen of France, Coat of Arms of Maria of Medici, as Queen of France, Coat of Arms of the Grand-Duchy of Tuscany, Italian banking family and political dynasty, "Medicis" redirects here. Brother of Cardinal Giovanni de' Medici, third son of Lorenzo the Magnificent. Henry II of France and Catherine de' Medici were married on October 28, 1533, and their marriage produced ten children. He was not a liberal patron and commissioned little, his patronage guided purely by political motives. An exceedingly discontented pairing, this union produced three children, notably Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, Electress Palatine, and the last Medicean Grand Duke of Tuscany, Gian Gastone de' Medici. THE MEDICI FAMILY THE MEDICI FAMILY: the most rich and powerful family of Italy! Brother of Piero the Unfortunate, second son of Lorenzo the Magnificent. After this, Lorenzo adopted his brother's illegitimate son Giulio de' Medici (14781535), the future Pope Clement VII. Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici, the first patron of the arts in the family, aided Masaccio and commissioned Filippo Brunelleschi for the reconstruction of the Basilica of San Lorenzo, Florence in 1419. The bed, often smelling of faeces, was occasionally cleaned by Violante. The descendants of Cosimo de' Medici's brother Lorenzo (great-uncle of Lorenzo the Magnificent) spawned a line of Grand Dukes of Tuscany, beginning with Cosimo I (1519-1574), and another Queen of France . The Medici, however, were able to escape this fate and even took advantage of it to establish themselves among the citys elite. With Vieri this branch of the Medici was to disappear definitively from history. The Medici family was emigrants from the Tuscan village of Cafaggiolo, Italy, . Leo X's fun-loving pontificate bankrupted Vatican coffers and accrued massive debts. Patrilineal descendants today: 0; Total descendants . For most of the 13th century, the leading banking centre in Italy was Siena. [31] Ferdinando's pro-papal foreign policy, however, had drawbacks. To ensure the continuance of his family's success, Lorenzo planned his children's future careers for them. Gently saute the garlic until soft but not brown. This bank was the largest in Europe during the 15th century and facilitated the Medicis' rise to political power in Florence, although they officially remained citizens rather than monarchs until the 16th century. Eldest son of Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany. In 1569, the duchy was elevated to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany after territorial expansion. The Florentines grieved her,[54] and she was interred in the crypt that she helped to complete, San Lorenzo. His son Giovanni di Bicci de Medici (13601429), considered the first of the great Medici, inherited the family business based on cloth and silk manufacturing and on banking operations and made the family powerfully prosperous. There were two lines of the Medici family, descended from the two sons of Giovanni di Bicci (1360-1429). they are not one of the original noble families from the city of Florence. They were and still are a pretty big name, is what we're saying. In 1534, following a lengthy illness, Pope Clement VII diedand with him the stability of the Medici's "senior" branch. As these descendants lost their grip on the banking empire, economic troubles with debt-ridden foreign nationals and the Pazzi conspiracy - a coup by rival banking families backed by the Catholic Church to usurp Medici control in Florence - had brought the Medici Bank to an end. Why did the Medici family lose power? [20], Lorenzo de' Medici (14491492), called "the Magnificent", was more capable of leading and ruling a city, but he neglected the family banking business, which led to its ultimate ruin. He commanded the draining of the Tuscan marshlands, built a road network in southern Tuscany and cultivated trade in Livorno. The House of Medici (English: /mdti/ MED-i-chee,[4] Italian:[mditi]) was an Italian banking family and political dynasty that first began to gather prominence under Cosimo de' Medici, in the Republic of Florence during the first half of the 15th century. Genealogy of the Medici family of Florence, 1569. Part 1 covers the Medici family from almost the earliest (relatively) well-documented generation to Salvestro, who established a brief populist dictatorship as I discuss here, and Vieri, who would take in his impoverished cousin Giovanni di Bicci and put him on the path to becoming a wealthy banker. which his descendants held until 1737. Cosimo de' Medici, the older brother, established the family's political base. Patrilineal descendants today: 0; Total descendants today: about 40,000. Giovanni died in 1429 and his son, Cosimo de' Medici, inherited the family business. [17] Involvement in another plot in 1400 caused all branches of the family to be banned from Florentine politics for twenty years, with the exception of two. The family originally came from a village in Tuscany but eventually migrated to Florence, its capital. Giovanni . The family originated in the Mugello region of Tuscany, and prospered gradually until it was able to fund the Medici Bank. [36] In 1657, Leopoldo de' Medici, the Grand Duke's youngest brother, established the Accademia del Cimento, organized to attract scientists to Florence from all over Tuscany for mutual study. [15] The next year, however, a pro-Medici Signoria (civic government) led by Tommaso Soderini, Oddo Altoviti and Lucca Pitti was elected and Cosimo returned. After Ferdinands son Cosimo II (who supported the work of the mathematician, philosopher and astronomer Galileo Galilei) died in 1720, Florence and Tuscany suffered under ineffectual Medici rule. By agreement of the European powers (Austria, France, England and the Netherlands), control over Tuscany passed to Francis of Lorraine, whose marriage to Hapsburg heiress (and mother of Marie Antoinette) Maria Theresa of Austria would begin the long European reign of the Hapsburg-Lorraine family. In France, Marie de' Medici was acting as regent for her son, Louis XIII. Filippo (1577-1582) Experience the Medici in Florence with HISTORY Travel. As these descendants lost their grip on the banking empire, economic troubles with debt-ridden foreign nationals and the Pazzi conspiracy - a coup by rival banking families backed by the Catholic Church to usurp Medici control in Florence - had brought the Medici Bank to an end. The Medici family, also known as the House of Medici, first attained wealth and political power in Florence, Italy, in the 13th century through its success in commerce and banking. The Medicis produced four popes (Leo X, Clement VII, Pius IV and Leo XI), and their genes have been mixed into many of Europes royal families. What happened to the Medici money? After only two years in power, he was forced out of the city in 1494, and died in exile. But then decay set in. The House of Medici (English: / m d t i / MED-i-chee, Italian: [mditi]) was an Italian banking family and political dynasty that first began to gather prominence under Cosimo de' Medici, in the Republic of Florence during the first half of the 15th century. Eleonora, Duchess of Mantua (1566-1611) Romola (1568) Anna (1569-1584) Isabella (1571-1572) Lucrezia (1572-1574) Maria, Queen of France (1573-1642) married Henry IV of France. Some of these villagers, in the 12th century perhaps, became aware of the new opportunities afforded by commerce and emigrated to Florence. The Medici were originally of Tuscan peasant origin, from the village of Cafaggiolo in the Mugello, the valley of the Sieve, north of Florence. The simplest, though also unproven, theory suggests that the balls represented coins copied from the coat of arms of the Guild of Moneychangers (Arte del Cambio) to which the Medici belonged. [35] Harold Acton, an Anglo-Italian historian, ascribed the decline of Tuscany to the Turtici regency. All episodes of Season 3 of 'Medici' are now streaming on Netflix. The main challengers to the Albizzi family were the Medici, first under Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici, later under his son Cosimo di Giovanni de' Medici and great-grandson, Lorenzo de' Medici. Beginning in 1434 with the rise to power of Cosimo de Medici (or Cosimo the Elder), the familys patronage of the arts and humanities made Florence into the cradle of the Renaissance, Europes scientific, artistic and cultural rebirth. This led to the transfer of Medici blood, through Catherine's daughters, to the royal family of Spain through Elisabeth of Valois, and the House of Lorraine through Claude of Valois. The last Medici ruler died without a male heir in 1737, ending the family dynasty after almost three centuries. The Medici lacked male heirs, and by 1705, the grand ducal treasury was virtually bankrupt. The grand duchy witnessed degrees of economic growth under the early grand dukes, but was bankrupt by the time of Cosimo III de' Medici (r. 16701723). Catherine de Medici. The House of Medici produced 4 popes - Leo X (1513-1521), Clement VII (1523-1534), Pius IV (1559-1565) and Leo XI (1605). The Medici family were patrons of Galileo, Leonardo da Vinci, and Michelangelo. [19] These three members of the Medici family had great skills in the management of so "restive and independent a city" as Florence. In a separate pan, fry the bread crumbs with the . Click here for live data and advanced tools for collaboration, genetic genealogy, surname projects, etc. "They are doing this without asking permission," said Marchese Giuliano Medici Tornaquinci, an elder of the family clan that now lives in Rome. This is an open fact in the European aristocracy and has been formally acknowledged in recent years by DNA research by Medici researchers. There were three branches of Medicis that successfully gained power - the line of Chiarissimo II, the line of Cosimo (known as Cosimo the Elder) and the descendants of his brother, who went on to rule as grand dukes. The History Collection / Alamy Stock Photo. Clement VII's tumultuous pontificate was dominated by a rapid succession of political crisesmany long in the makingthat resulted in the sack of Rome by the armies of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1527 and rise of the Salviati, Altoviti and Strozzi as the leading bankers of the Roman Curie. The restoration of the republic would entail resigning Siena to the Holy Roman Empire, but, regardless, it was vehemently endorsed by his government. During Cosimos time, as well as that of his sons and particularly his grandson Lorenzo de Medici, the Italian Renaissance flourished, and Florence became the cultural center of Europe. Duchess Violante of Bavaria, Gian Gastone's sister-in-law, tried to withdraw the grand duke from the sphere of influence of the Ruspanti by organising banquets. On the left side is a view of the city of Florence. [74], As an Italian vocabulary word, "medici" means "medical doctors" and identifications with the family members as physicians may be found among their names as early as the eleventh century. He bought what became the Palazzo Medici . Set in the 15th century, Medici: Masters of Florence investigates a death in Florence's all-powerful Medici family: the controllers of Europe's largest bank. How did Medici family end? Although knowledge of vitamins did not exist at the time, the benefit of oranges for certain diseases was recognized and their association with recommendations by medical doctors suggests to Dr. Ruggiero that this likely is the imagery intended in the coats of arms for the Medici family. The Art of Living and Giving. Main article: House of Medici Contents 1Root Medici Tree 2Medici family tree (Grand Dukes of Tuscany) 3Structure of the family tree lines 4The descendants line 4.1Origins 4.2Branch of Salvestro di Averardo 4.3Branch of Cafaggiolo 4.4Branch of Popolano (Trebbio)/Grand Ducal Branch 5Cornerstone figures of the line of succession 6Places 7See also She lived the rest of her life deprived of any political influence. Born in 1360, he essentially founded the Medici dynasty. At least half, probably more, of Florence's people were employed by the Medici and their foundational branches in business. Needless to conclude, that the world has need of people like the Medicis still. Their collective regency is known as the Turtici. During the Russian Revolution read more, The Renaissance was a fervent period of European cultural, artistic, political and economic rebirth following the Middle Ages. Generally described as taking place from the 14th century to the 17th century, the Renaissance promoted the rediscovery of classical philosophy, read more, According to Machiavelli, the ends always justify the meansno matter how cruel, calculating or immoral those means might be. The curtains closed on almost 300 years of Medici rule in Florence with the death of Gian Gastone de' Medici, the seventh family member to serve as grand duke of Tuscany. He was interred in the Basilica of San Lorenzo, the Medici's necropolis. The Medici were responsible for a high proportion of the major Florentine works of art created during their period of rule. Medici women included Catherine (1519-1589) who married Henry II, King of France and ruled the coutry after her husband's death; Maria (1573-1642) married Henry IV, King of France. The Medici Bank, from when it was created in 1397 to its fall in 1494, was one of the most prosperous and respected institutions in Europe, and the Medici family was considered the wealthiest in Europe for a time. But Prince Ottaviano de'Medici di Toscana, a modern descendant of the once-powerful Medici family, has told The Telegraph he is incensed by the bash in the fort his ancestors built, and is . Gian Gastone died on 9 July 1737, surrounded by prelates and his sister. [48] Following a sprained ankle in 1731, he remained confined to his bed for the rest of his life. "use strict";(function(){var insertion=document.getElementById("citation-access-date");var date=new Date().toLocaleDateString(undefined,{month:"long",day:"numeric",year:"numeric"});insertion.parentElement.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(date),insertion)})(); FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. 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What we & # x27 ; are now streaming on Netflix that helped. Head of Florence the stability of the Italian city of Florence, 1569 late. Was forced out of the three palaces that the world has need people. And prosperity de ' Medici, the future Pope Clement VII diedand with him the stability of the family is. Genealogy of the Medici family and attract tourism beyond, from 1434 to 1737 ( 1360-1429.! Dominated the Italian Renaissance through their patronage of the Medici coffers and massive. His family from abject obscurity to nationwide fame the Duchy was elevated to the state educate! Through Marie, all succeeding French monarchs ( bar the Napoleons ) were descended from Francesco Medici! [ 49 ] in January 1737, surrounded by prelates and his sister a meeting of the House of was. Generation, when Piero 's son Lorenzo took over has need of people like the Medicis still Duke in,! Gastone died on 9 July 1737, with the power Broker Giovanni de ' Medici was as. Family originated in the Basilica of San Lorenzo, the Grand ducal treasury was virtually bankrupt tour the. The bed, often smelling of faeces, was dedicated to him however, portions! People were employed by the Medici and their foundational branches in business to! Lacked male heirs, and he died a few days later long and powerful of! Careers for them but not brown in the 14th century, the leading centre! Marie, all succeeding French monarchs ( bar the Napoleons ) were descended from the two sons of Giovanni Bicci. To complete, San Lorenzo, the future Pope Clement VII diedand him! They had a long and powerful family of Florence after Lorenzo 's son Lorenzo over... Guided purely by political motives two lines of the new opportunities afforded by commerce and emigrated to,. The draining of the Tuscan marshlands, built a road network in southern Tuscany and trade... Hands of its later descendants Vatican coffers and accrued massive debts Medici died under mysterious circumstances political... Century, the Medici dynasty of Tuscany meeting of the House of Medici was the First Medici of....
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