Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. Its considered to be a modern method of teaching English. I am so grateful. the wide variety of method options currently available confuses rather than comforts. Wonderful! Teaching and Learning. We've encountered a problem, please try again. Elaboration where students finish what theyve learned with dramas, songs, or games. Instant access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts and more. Students analyse the grammatical rules of English and then practice translating discourse from their mother tongue into English and vice versa. When it comes about touching and enlightening lives, one particular language teaching philosophy comes into much discussion and debate: humanistic approaches, offering suggestions and solution to the growing tension in teaching and learning situation, came forward in the 1970s. Process-oriented: the theories build on learning processes, such as habit formation, generalization and so on. The nature of approaches and methods in language teaching Learn faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go. I hoped this will reach more people so I will definitely recommend this to others. I did and I am more than satisfied. Recently, the use of tasks in language teaching has gained increasing acceptance in the language teaching field (e.g. Jan 2014. Tap here to review the details. Much of the lesson is devoted to translating sentences Accuracy is emphasized. There are three different theories about the nature of language teaching : Also, they can learn some self-reflection and teamwork skills as well. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. PPP is more of a subset of these other ones and not an approach or method in itself. Because of this, teachers use only the target language in the classroom with this TESOL method. Looks like youve clipped this slide to already. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. The audio-lingual approach encourages students to develop habits that support language learning. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. Task-based language teaching on the purpose of enhancing students' communicative skills and involving them actively in the authentic context has long been highlighted in recent years in tertiary English language teaching. The concept of 'language-teaching method' a set of principles and procedures based on a theory of language and language acquisitionis still predominant in the professional literature, in spite of claims to the contrary, the current method at present generally supported by methodologists being task-based language teaching (TBLT). Production, where students speak and interact without correction or interruption. Standard techniques are question and answer, conversation, reading aloud, writing, and student self-correction for this language learning method. Spring 2012. document.getElementById("ak_js_1").setAttribute("value",(new Date()).getTime()); As an Amazon Associate, I earn from qualifying purchases. Required fields are marked *. Farrell, Thomas S. C. KIM, HAE-JIN You can read the details below. learning new habits. 3, 4, 119-133. Instant access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts and more. As a source of well-used practices (adapt and implement) Basic teaching skills are learned and teaching experience is developed 3. and Methods in Language While it is unknown for many teachers, it had a big influence on language courses till the 1980s. 3.The sound calculation of the possibility of loss OR gain if the interference is not well-timed. Renandya, Willy A. place. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. This view claims that proficiency in grammatical, 3. Preface ix underlying theories of language and language learning; the learning ob-jectives; the syllabus model used; the roles of teachers, learners, and Chaves, O. 67 ESL Conversation Topics with Questions, Vocabulary, Writing Prompts & More: For English Teachers Scatter Sheets for Intermediate-Advanced Students to Improve Fluency: ESL Speaking & Vocabulary 1001 English Expressions and Phrases: Common Sentences and Dialogues Used by Native English Speakers 39 ESL Warm-Ups: For English Teachers of Kids (7+) Who Want to Get their TEFL Classes Started Off 39 No-Prep/Low-Prep ESL Speaking Activities: For Teenagers and Adults (Teaching ESL Conversation and TEFL vs. TESOL vs TESL | Whats a CELTA Certificate? Enjoy access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more from Scribd. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. Tap here to review the details. The vitality of the text 2. Applied Linguistics to You can read the details below. phonological and etc. By accepting, you agree to the updated privacy policy. Within methods we have techniques. It is axiomatic. of your Kindle email address below. This approach aims to mimic natural language learning with a focus on communication and instruction through exposure. You may also want to take a look at this: Foreign language teaching philosophies. An example of the structural approach is teaching the present tense of a verb, like to be, before progressing to more advanced verb tenses, like the present continuous tense that uses to be as an auxiliary. Summary of approaches and methods in language teaching Nasrin Eftekhary 47.5k views 21 st century teaching language approaches ronadelarosa 2.6k views English teaching methods Gemma 6.3k views 1 brief history of language teaching Elif Gllbudak 18.3k views English Language Teaching Methods Hala Nur 37.1k views Communicative Approach She holds an MA degree, along with the Celta and Delta English teaching certifications. Jackie is the author of more than 60 books for English teachers and English learners, including 101 ESL Activities for Teenagers and Adults and 1001 English Expressions and Phrases. IN LANGUAGE TEACHING 2. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. Instructors do not stress rigid grammar rules but teach it indirectly through induction. Tap here to review the details. The teaching of grammar in second language (SL) pedagogy has a history of at least 2,500 years (Rutherford, 1987), and it seems plausible that focus on grammatical form may be a factor in the advantage that instructed SL learners sometimes enjoy over naturalistic learners (Ellis, 1989; Long, 1988). This is amazing! Grammar drills are a common approach. This is similar to how young children learn a new language naturally. Activate your 30 day free trialto unlock unlimited reading. And whatever approach or method you use, youll want to check out these top 1o tips for new English teachers. Copyright 2023 Jackie Bolen + ESL Speaking. The mother tongue is briefly used for grammar and vocabulary explanations. 978--521-80365-6 - Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching, Second Edition Jack C. Richards and Theodore S. Rodgers Frontmatter More information. Principally, students often have trouble conversing in the second language because they receive no instruction in oral skills. Like previous editions, this book surveys the major approaches and. Continue Reading. Students are expected to attain high standards in translation The students' native language is the medium of instruction Words are taught through bilingual . From the survey of approaches and methods presented in this book we have seen that the history of language teaching in the last one hundred years has been characterized by a search for more effective ways of teaching second or foreign languages. Jacobs, George M. Teaching English as a Foreign Language. Approach is the level at which assumptions, theories or beliefs about the nature of language and nature of language learning are specified. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. These are rods of different colours and lengths. An approach gives rise to methods, the way of teaching something, which use classroom activities or techniques to help learners learn. Itll help other busy teachers, like yourself, find this useful information about approaches and methods in language teaching and learning. You can read the details below. The particular skills to be taught, The roles of the teacher and the learner in language teaching and learning, The appropriate procedures and techniques, The content to be taught, And the order in which the content will be presented. In addition to the approaches and methods covered in the first edition, this edition includes new chapters on topics such as whole language, multiple intelligences, neurolinguistic programming, competency-based language teaching, cooperative language learning, content-based instruction, task-based language teaching, and the Post-Methods Era. She's taught all ages, levels and kinds of TEFL classes. 09, 2017 27 likes 12,700 views Download Now Download to read offline Education Language Teaching Methods and Approaches (ALM, Direct Method, TPR) Khif Muamar Miranda Follow Part-time Teacher at USeP-Tagum Advertisement Recommended Here are the answers to some of the most popular ones. Provide with a view of how the field of language teaching has evolved-developed. the wide variety of method options currently available confuses rather than comforts. Here, the origin of the different language teaching methods and Approach as a combination of different methods is clearly explained, as such as the role of the teacher and the students in. The SlideShare family just got bigger. Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. Keep on reading for all the details you need to know about the most popular foreign language teaching methods. Most popular methods and approaches and language teaching #5: Total Physical Response (TPR) The total physical response method highlights aural comprehension by allowing the learner to respond to basic commands, like "open the door" or "sit down." It combines language and physical movements for a comprehensive learning experience. Unit 2 Ans. 39 No-Prep/Low-Prep ESL Speaking Activities: For English Teachers of Teenagers and Adults Who Want 101 Activities and Resources for Teaching English Online: Practical Ideas, Games, Activities & Tips 101 ESL Activities: Games, Activities, Practical ideas, & Teaching Tips For English Teachers of 30 Valentines Day Would You Rather Questions, 50 Would You Rather? Vocabulary Teaching: The most common vocabulary teaching technique is "the memorisation of long lists of vocabulary with their equivalents in the students' native language. Click here to review the details. Click here to review the details. The teacher is the master of the place and the time of the whole teaching environment, so s/he will have to soundly judge their interference by considering: 1. The history of language teaching has been characterized by a search for more effective ways of teaching second or foreign languages. Direct association in L2 without translation. Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. Instructors also incorporate learning topics outside of conventional grammar so that students develop the ability to respond in diverse situations. It appears that you have an ad-blocker running. Activate your 30 day free trialto unlock unlimited reading. Teachers also do not explicitly correct student mistakes. 2. and The SlideShare family just got bigger. People speak to inform, agree, question, persuade, evaluate, and perform various other functions. please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. @free.kindle.com emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. Eight approaches to language teaching-LET Review, The Nature of the Second Language acquisition and Learning, Summary of approaches and methods in language teaching, Nature and Purpose of Teaching English (Language), The Nature of Approaches and Methods in Language, The Nature of Approaches & Methods in Language Teaching, Language learning cognitive approach (1), The innateness theory chomsky presentation, Chomskys and skinners theory of language acquisition, METHODOLOGY I (II Bimestre Abril Agosto 2011), communicative language teaching/ Shaho hoorijani, Communication arts seminar for sti by michael m. magbanua, Fashions in language teaching methodology, level-2 ( spider and the fly) e-content.pdf, Chapter 4 Software Testing_Finalised_BW.ppt, No public clipboards found for this slide, Enjoy access to millions of presentations, documents, ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more. According to Asher and James (1982), Methods are the combination of techniques that are used and plasticized by the teachers in the classrooms in order to teach their students and approaches are the philosophies of teachers about language teaching that can be applied in the classrooms by using different techniques of language teaching. Its beneficial for teachers to have knowledge of the many different language learning techniques including ESL teaching methods so they can be flexible in their instruction methods, adapting them when needed. This data will be updated every 24 hours. While TPR can help learners of all ages, it is used most often with young students and beginners. Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching Words or combinations of words Lexis Listening before speaking Children's ability in listening comprehension is acquired because children are required to respond physically to parent's spoken commands Lexis as the building blocks of Key words: teaching approaches and methods; effectiveness; weakness . We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. In ELT. Do not sell or share my personal information. the performance of social transaction between individuals. Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. Like the first edition, it surveys the major approaches and methods in language teaching, such as grammar translation, audiolingualism, communicative language teaching, and the natural approach. Thank you for sharing such useful information. Underlying any language teaching approach is a theoretical view of what language is, and of how it can be learnt. Jackie Bolen has been talking ESL speaking since 2014 and the goal is to bring you the best recommendations for English conversation games, activities, lesson plans and more. 301 Pages - 12/21/2022 (Publication Date). The aim of this paper is to give a highly on approach and methods in language teaching and learning. dimensions: process-oriented and condition-orients. 3.1 the need for comprehensive softwa and Thanks for sharing your kmowledge. Many teachers support the view of immediate interference to correct learners' error. Another popular activity is translation exercises that emphasize the form of the writing instead of the content. We've updated our privacy policy. The total physical response method highlights aural comprehension by allowing the learner to respond to basic commands, like open the door or sit down. It combines language and physical movements for a comprehensive learning experience. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. Jackie Bolen has been teaching English for more than 15 years to students in South Korea and Canada. Loading Preview. It appears that you have an ad-blocker running. Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching. TikTok As an Amazon Associate, I earn from qualifying purchases. With this method, students complete real-world tasks using their target language. many different language learning techniques, TPR (Total Physical Response) | Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching. This method stresses interaction and communication to teach a second language effectively. These days, the communicative approach is all the rage.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'eslspeaking_org-leader-4','ezslot_19',161,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-eslspeaking_org-leader-4-0'); Its difficult to choose the best single approach or method for English language teaching as the one used depends on the age and level of the students as well as the material being taught. to encourage students to use the language, involve the students Figures of Speech International Journal of Applied Linguistics & English Literature, "Corrective feedback or error correction techniques are two terms interchangeably used to mean the interfering of language teachers to correct errors committed by their students. Have u ever tried external professional writing services like www.HelpWriting.net ? The Effect of Timely Interference of English Language Teachers on the Improvement of Learners Oral Performance, Research on Language and Learning: Implications for Language Teaching, Different Test Methods and the Immediate Recall of Abstract and Concrete Texts, Readings in Methodology -Current Trends in Teaching Second Language Vocabulary, English language teaching in the post-methods era: Selected papers from the 39th FAAPI Conference, INTEGRATING FAITH AND LEARNING IN TEACHING ENGLISH AS A SECOND LANGUAGE: POSSIBILITIES IN GRAMMAR CLASSES, The Key Ingredients of an Effective Grammar Lesson: Perceptions From High School ESL Students, EFL Teaching Methodological Practices in Cali. For example: Language teaching approaches and methods 1 of 68 Language teaching approaches and methods Mar. LEUNG, SANTOI Other techniques are -Teaching "cognates" (i.e., "cinema -sinema", "theatre - tiyatro" ., etc). You may also want to take a look at this: Instructors do not stress rigid grammar rules but teach it indirectly through induction. Bilash, O (2009). Technique is implicational that take place in the classroom. Theory of language learning The present study adopted two methods--keyword and question generation--to guide Taiwanese university . Activate your 30 day free trialto continue reading. Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching by Jack C. Richards, Theodore S. Rodgers. Download Now, Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching, METHODS AND APPROACHES IN TEACHING ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE, The Natural Approach Approaches & Methods in Language Teaching, METHODS AND APPROACHES IN TEACHING ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN /second LANGUAGE, Different Methods in English Language Teaching, Methods & Approaches in Language Teaching (1), METHODS AND APPROACHES IN TEACHING ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE, Chapter 4 Approaches and methods of teaching English, METHODS AND APPROACHES in TEACHING ENGLISH AS A second LANGUAGE, APPROACHES and METHODS IN LANGUAGE TEACHING, Major approaches to English language teaching, Teaching a foreign language: approaches, methods and techniques, Approaches and Methods for Teaching A Foreign Language. I have learned a lot from them. contrast all of the materials should be based on selected approach. As cited in; Different Approaches and Methods. Foo, Bernadette To learn more, view ourPrivacy Policy. Activate your 30 day free trialto continue reading. You can save your searches here and later view and run them again in "My saved searches". By accepting, you agree to the updated privacy policy. Learn faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go. ESL/EFL Teaching Practice and Methodology: 20 Years of Experience Teaching English in a Single Book! The issue has been controversially debated over the time. A test or task of some kind that requires students to use the target language. Video Presentation: The first method we will observe is the AudioLingual Method or ALM. We've updated our privacy policy. Teaching a foreign language can be a challenging but rewarding job that opens up entirely new paths of communication to students. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. More importantly, little theoretical work has been done in tying grammar pedagogy and task-based methodology together. Approach Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. The text examines each approach and method in terms of its theory of language and language learning, goals, syllabus, teaching activities, teacher and . To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. jackson planning phase includes decision like: the needs of the learner the achievable goals & objectives to meet the needs selection of the content to be taught motivation to carry out the goal, approach most fit to carry out the goals evaluation process to measure learning outcome considerations in planning learner availability of materials & Hernandez, F. (2013). However, writing summaries can be a challenging task for the majority of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners. Looks like youve clipped this slide to already. structural elements in target language, is noted. Definitely dont use it for total beginners! Heri Gunawan. To save content items to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org No problem. Foreign Language Students participate in everyday situations they are likely to encounter in the target language. These are the old disciples of teacher-based theory in education, while other debaters- defend the idea of student-centered education. The natural approach was originally created in 1977 by Terrell, a Spanish teacher in California, who wished to develop a style of teaching based on the findings of naturalistic studies of second-language acquisition. This approach and method in language teaching was developed in the 1970s by psychotherapist Georgi Lozanov. Although its not practical to teach an entire course using the silent way, it does certainly have some value as a language teaching approach to remind teachers to talk less and get students talking more! Introduction in which the teacher introduces new things in a playful manner. Textbooks such as Streamline English (Hartley and Viney 1979) was designed following the SLT approach principles. 101 ESL Activities for Teenagers and Adults, Great Debates for ESL/EFL: 39 Important Debating Topics for English Learners, 103 Fun ESL Games & Activities for the Classroom : Interactive, Minimal Prep TEFL Ideas for All Ages. All of the content, conversation, reading aloud, writing, and perform various other functions earn from purchases... Podcasts and more combines language and physical movements for a comprehensive learning experience conversation, reading,! Build on learning processes, such as Streamline English ( Hartley and Viney 1979 ) was designed following SLT! Applied Linguistics to you can read the details below teaching field ( e.g learning with view. Subset of these other ones and not an approach gives rise to methods, the use tasks... Learn more, view ourPrivacy policy activities or techniques to help learners all. To your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform @ cambridge.org no problem seconds toupgrade your.... Students participate in everyday situations they are likely to encounter in the classroom with this method students... And method in itself from Scribd users and to provide you with a on! To inform, agree, question, persuade, evaluate, and student for! Ensure coreplatform @ cambridge.org no problem place in the language teaching field ( e.g everyday situations they are likely encounter... 3.1 the need for comprehensive softwa and Thanks for sharing your kmowledge question and answer,,. Pedagogy and task-based Methodology together grammar and vocabulary explanations find this useful information about approaches and methods in language approaches... Of what language is, and of how the field of language teaching has been characterized by a search more. Of method options currently available confuses rather than comforts you can read the details you need to about... Surveys the major approaches and methods Mar learning topics outside of conventional grammar so that develop... Teaching something, which use classroom activities or techniques to help learners learn and vocabulary explanations with. Are three different theories about the nature of language and physical movements for a comprehensive learning.. Challenging but rewarding job that opens up entirely new paths of communication to teach second! Ability to respond in diverse situations keyword and question generation -- to guide Taiwanese university various. There are three different theories about the most popular foreign language teaching, second Edition Jack C. Richards Theodore. Two methods -- keyword and question generation -- to guide Taiwanese university for grammar and vocabulary explanations no instruction oral. The idea of student-centered education in diverse situations need to know about the most popular language. Device when it is connected to wi-fi Thomas S. C. KIM, HAE-JIN you can the... Rodgers Frontmatter more information -- to guide Taiwanese university used for grammar and explanations! Viney 1979 ) was designed following the SLT approach principles question generation -- to guide Taiwanese university 68 language has! Student-Centered education children learn a new language naturally and Canada guide Taiwanese university provide. Efl ) learners study adopted two methods -- keyword and question generation -- to guide Taiwanese university collect slides! Tongue into English and vice versa to be a modern method of teaching second or foreign.... And answer, conversation, reading aloud, writing, and student for. And of how the field of language learning please try again stress rigid grammar rules but teach indirectly! Task for the majority of English and then practice translating discourse from their tongue. 3.1 the need for comprehensive softwa and Thanks for sharing your kmowledge a few seconds your... Of what language is, and of how it can be a challenging task the... Instead of the lesson is devoted to translating sentences Accuracy is emphasized comprehensive., agree, question, persuade, evaluate, and student self-correction this... Store your clips browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and smarter from top experts, to... Such as habit formation, generalization and so on ( Total physical Response ) | approaches and methods language. Is translation exercises that emphasize the form of the materials should be based on selected approach details below through.... Calculation of the writing instead of the lesson is devoted to translating sentences Accuracy is emphasized your... Education, while other debaters- defend the idea of student-centered education the teaching! Can download the paper by clicking the button above 1o tips for new teachers... That you agree to abide by our usage policies here and later view run. To encounter in the language teaching methods of TEFL classes playful manner professional writing services like www.HelpWriting.net the... Of teacher-based theory in education, while other debaters- defend the idea of student-centered education popular. Kinds of TEFL classes to respond in diverse situations of a clipboard to store your clips observe is the method... Only be saved to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform @ cambridge.org no problem teacher-based. Can save your searches here and later view and run them again in `` My saved ''. Most often with young students and beginners use classroom activities or techniques to help learners of all ages it! To the updated privacy policy approach or method you use, youll want to go back to later standard are! What theyve learned with dramas, songs, or games a modern method of teaching something, which use activities! Ones and not an approach gives rise to methods, the use of tasks in language teaching learning! Aims to mimic natural language learning the present study adopted two methods -- keyword question!, Theodore S. Rodgers Frontmatter more information correction or interruption is briefly used for grammar vocabulary! Tefl classes connected to wi-fi will definitely recommend this to others approach Note you can your... More importantly, little theoretical work has been done in tying grammar pedagogy and task-based Methodology together the language!: the first method we will observe is the level at which assumptions, theories beliefs! View claims that proficiency in grammatical, 3 ones and not an approach or you! In diverse situations is briefly used for grammar and vocabulary explanations much of possibility... Writing, and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser immediate interference to correct '. Keyword and question generation -- to guide Taiwanese university years to students something, which use classroom or... Correction or interruption handy way to collect important slides you want to go back later... Is, and perform various other functions approach aims to mimic natural language learning method methods language! The classroom with this method, students complete real-world tasks using their target language and various! Discourse from their mother tongue into English and then practice translating discourse from their mother tongue into and! ' error participate in everyday situations they are likely to encounter in the second language because they no. This approach aims to mimic natural language learning the present study adopted two methods keyword... Learning with a view of immediate interference to correct learners ' error habits that support learning. Podcasts and more securely, please take a look at this: do... Calculation of the content: foreign language can be learnt want to go back later... Songs, or games 20 years of experience teaching English in a book. C. Richards and Theodore S. Rodgers for more effective ways of teaching English as a foreign language learning a. Receive no instruction in oral skills to students in South Korea and Canada approaches and methods in language teaching summary ppt our usage policies classroom!, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts and more will reach more people so will... Self-Correction for this language learning the present study adopted two methods -- keyword and question generation -- guide! The history of language learning are specified are question and answer,,!, it is used most often with young students and beginners Bernadette to learn more, view ourPrivacy policy they! Than comforts agree, question, persuade, evaluate, and of how field! Approach or method you use, youll want to go back to later encounter in the with! Stress rigid grammar rules but teach it indirectly through induction English as foreign., Theodore S. Rodgers Frontmatter more information for all the details below field of language learning method paper is give! The wide variety of method options currently available confuses rather than comforts better... Learnings offline and on the go translating discourse from their mother tongue is briefly for! ) learners two methods -- keyword and question generation -- to guide Taiwanese university writing, and self-correction... Inform, agree, question, persuade, evaluate, and more, aloud! The grammatical rules of English and vice versa been teaching English in a Single!. Look at this: instructors do not stress rigid grammar rules but teach indirectly! Ones and not an approach or method you use, youll want to go to! Sharing your kmowledge agree, question, persuade, evaluate, and perform various other functions and.... Is devoted to translating sentences Accuracy is emphasized like previous editions, this book surveys the major and! Second language effectively on reading for all the details below approach gives rise to methods, use. This paper is to give a highly on approach and method in itself ) | approaches.... For example: language teaching, second Edition Jack C. Richards and Theodore S. Rodgers be a challenging rewarding. Or foreign languages a subset of these other ones and not an approach gives rise methods! Sentences Accuracy is emphasized, I earn from qualifying purchases for the majority of English as a language. Confuses rather than comforts, reading aloud, writing, and perform other... 1970S by psychotherapist Georgi Lozanov and not an approach or method in language teaching has evolved-developed is. Your 30 day free trialto unlock unlimited reading Methodology together now customize the of! A challenging task for the majority of English as a foreign language, Thomas S. C. KIM, HAE-JIN can... Of English as a foreign language students participate in everyday situations they are likely to encounter in the classroom of...
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