Similar behavior is observed in , which shows contributions from at least 3 components (Fig. (a) Wavelength-dependent extinction coefficient (k) (top panel) and index of refraction (n) (bottom panel) of CuPcTs film under different RH conditions. The results demonstrate that when CuTCPc is used as a donor material, the performance of the device ITO/CuTCPc/PCBM/Al shows an open circuit voltage (V(OC)) of 0.54 V, a short circuit current (J(SC)) of 0.825 mA/cm2, a fill factor (FF) of 32.3% and the power conversion efficiency (nu) of 0.14%. Such compounds are prepared by treating CuPc with chlorine, bromine or oleum. Water crowding at hydrophilic sulfonyl/salt groups, Multimode sensing and detection limits. Formation of a percolated H2O network leads to higher mobility of Na+ ions and subsequent changes in optical properties and dielectric screening of CuPcTs domains by H2O and mobile ions at high frequencies. Results indicate that the H2O-CuPcTs interaction can be described by two-step pseudo-first order kinetics. 4a). 8600 Rockville Pike Changes in high frequency (1014Hz) dielectric properties and corresponding optical constants of the CuPcTs film were calculated by modeling SPE data under increasing humidity. Bookshelf Design, CMS, Hosting & Web Development :: ePublishing. (b) H2O adsorption isotherm (black circles) fit with five different isotherm models. The sensitivities of each detection mode in terms of measured units are represented by the vertical axes on the right side of the plot. The authors thank Vladimir Martis and Daryl Williams at Surface Measurement Systems (SMS) Ltd. for their support in development of new testing capability. [17] No evidence indicates carcinogenic effects. )4 Insoluble in general solvents in Zhejiang Province. Wash and dry hands.Body ProtectionChoose body protection in relation to its type, to the concentration and amount ofdangerous substances, and to the specific work-place., The type of protectiveequipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of thedangerous substance at the specific workplace.Respiratory protectionRespiratory protection is not required. Google Scholar. Error bars are propagated from double exponential and linear fitting errors. 115, 2492024930 (2011). doi: 10.1002/tcr.20139. All Sponsored Content is supplied by the advertising company. Figure4b shows electrical (1/R) and optical (op) conductivities and relates them to mass change of CuPcTs as the film undergoes water adsorption. [13] Modification of the substituents attached to the peripheral rings allows for the tuning of the absorption and emission properties of Pc to yield differently colored dyes and pigments. Reaction models show that H2O undergoes 2-site adsorption which can be represented by a pair of sequentially-occurring pseudo-first order reactions. Today, there are even more isomeric forms available. (d) Ratio of double exponential fit parameters A2/A1 (black squares, left axis) and 2/1 (red circles, right axis). Cite this article. In general, a crude copper phthalocyanine is produced by reacting phthalic anhydride, urea, copper/copper salt and ammonium molybdate (catalyst) in high-boiling solvent such as o-nitrotoluene, trichlorobenzene or alkyl benzenes. performed spectroscopic ellipsometry experiments and modelling. use 1. -, Bamsey NM, et al. Contact Us Exponential heterogeneous (multi-site) adsorption kinetic models are of the form \(\,{\rm{\Delta }}M={M}_{{\rm{0}}}+{\sum }_{i=1}^{n}{A}_{i}{{\rm{e}}}^{-t/{{\rm{\tau }}}_{i}}\), where \(n\) is the number of active sites, \({A}_{i}\) corresponds to the relative amount of mass adsorbed at Site-i, and \({{\rm{\tau }}}_{i}\,\,\)is the inverse of the adsorption rate constant at Site-i. Probing Molecular-Scale Catalytic Interactions between Oxygen and Cobalt Phthalocyanine Using Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. Bottom panel: percent difference (|Me|) between measured equilibrium mass (\({M}_{e}\)) and equilibrium mass predicted by pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order, and double exponential kinetic models. The second process becomes distinguishable at RH>60% and is related to H2O saturation of CuPcTs surface sites and diffusion of water into bulk CuPcTs grains. 8600 Rockville Pike To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Before ;Zk-47bBF6Kds Srjw[O"b,rf8`1ge~zY10,;
:\-nN%P! Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Cross-section profile was obtained from bottom row of pixels in the image. Aqueous solubility of copper phthalocyanine-3,4,4,4-tetrasulfonic acid tetrasodium salt (CuPcTs) enables fabrication of flexible electronic devices by low cost inkjet printing. NY Times Paywall - Case Analysis with questions and their answers. PIGMENTS; MORDANTS; LAKES, Preparation from other phthalocyanine compounds, e.g. 3b bottom panel) using a Tauc plot (FigureS6). (c) Linearized form of the pseudo-second order kinetics showing highly linear behavior (r2>0.998). CAS To obtain This research was conducted at the Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, which is a DOE Office of Science User Facility. Documents(Note: Some products will not have analytical charts available. [3] Substitution can shift the absorption towards longer wavelengths, changing color from pure blue to green to colorless (when the absorption is in the near infrared). Adsorption of H2O on the CuPcTs film is completely reversible after about 10hours of 103mbar vacuum exposure following each H2O pulse. Investigation of optical and humidity-sensing properties of vanadyl phthalocyanine-derivative thin films. ADS The sharp increase in M which occurs for P/P0<0.4 (Fig. One of the most common donor/acceptor architectures is CuPc/C60 (buckminsterfullerene) which rapidly became a model system for the study of small organic molecules. Figure6b shows the CuPcTs-coated and bare gold-coated QCM response to 0.15% RH exposure. Bookshelf By closing this message or continuing to use our site, you agree to the use of cookies. Inverted (p-i-n) perovskite solar cells using a low temperature processed TiO. The newly synthesized compounds (BS, BS-1, BS-1-CN), copper(II), manganese(III), phthalocyanines (BS-1-Cu, BS-1-Mn) and their water soluble derivatives (BS-1-CuQ, BS-1-MnQ) were characterized by standard methods.All steps of the synthetic procedures were given in Figs. We (1) investigate water adsorption kinetics on CuPcTs for better understanding the effects of relative humidity (RH) on hydrophilic phthalocyanines, and (2) assess CuPcTs as a humidity-sensing material. 1b. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. nines to grant solubility,1 in aqueous ambience in particular, e.g. Langmuir and single exponential models do not account for surface heterogeneity, interactions between adsorbates, or formation of adsorbate multi-layers. QCM frequency shift was recorded using an SRS QCM200 and direct-current (DC) electrical resistance was recorded using a Keithley 2420 source-meter with 100mV bias. Femtosecond laser Water Solubility <0.1 g/100 mL at 20 C: max: 602nm(CHCl3)(lit.) CuPc sublimes at above 500C under inert gases (nitrogen, CO2). [30] government site. Red lines indicate examples of double exponential fits. It is olive green when dissolved in concentrated sulfuric acid, and green precipitate after dilution, with excellent fastness. cobaltphthalocyanineamine complex, SOLUBLE COPPER PHTHALOCYANINE DYES AND THEIR APPLICATION, Poly(oxyalkylene) modified phthalocyanine colorants, Water-dissipatable polyesters and amides containing near infrared fluorescent compounds copolymerized therein, Thermoplastic materials containing near infrared fluorophores, Organic solvent based ink for invisible marking/identification, Security document and method using invisible coded markings, Polyester compositions containing near infrared absorbing materials to improve reheat, Fiber coating composition having an invisible marker and process for making same, Method for marking items for identification, New phthalocyanine compounds, their manufacturing processes and the near infrared absorbing materials they contain, Water-based ink, ink set, ink jet recording method, ink cartridge, recording unit and ink jet recording apparatus, Method for tagging thermoplastic materials with near infrared fluorophores, Method for detecting and separating thermoplastic containers with near infrared fluorosphores, Triphendioxazine dyes, methods for their manufacture and their use for dyeing cellulosic substrates, Reactive dyes, processes for their manufacture and their use, Process for preparing water-soluble monoazo pyrazolone compound, Water-soluble disazo compounds, process for their preparation and their use as dyestuffs, Novel azomethine compound and its preparation, A process for the preparation of aluminium-heavy metal mixed complexes, Copper complex formazan compound, its preparation and use thereof, Pyrazolo(4,3-d)pyrimidine derivative, its preparation, cholesterol-lowering agent containing it, its intermediate and its preparation, Copper complexes of disazo reactive dyestuffs, Process for preparing water-soluble monoazo compound, Water-insoluble monoazo dye, its production and use, and mixture consisting of this monoazo dye, N6-substituted cordycepin and its preparation, 1,3-disubstituted-5-fluoro-6-chlorouracil derivative and antitumor agent, Heterocyclic azomethine metal complex pigments, Color forming sheet for pressure-sensitive copying paper, Patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee. Peak positions of the B- and Q-bands shift to lower energies and the probability of * transitions decrease by 50% as RH increases from 3% to 90%. [4] Substituted phthalocyanine complexes often have much higher solubility. ACS Nano. Subscribe above to receive our eNews, featuring scientific research, new products, and exclusive promotions. Phthalocyanine and derived metal complexes (MPc) tend to aggregate and, thus, have low solubility in common solvents. It is majorly used in a variety of energy conservation based applications. Copper(II) Phthalocyanine (purified by sublimation) [for organic electronics], Pigment Blue 15 (purified by sublimation). The humidity level was measured by continuous monitoring of the pressure of the H2O vapor inside the vacuum chamber. Instead of uniform linearization of the data, which would be indicative of single-site occupancy and negligible adsorbate-adsorbate interactions, the kinetics show at least two distinct regions exhibiting linear (r2>0.98) behavior: one region with slope 0.2 to 0.9 ln(MeMt)/min for fast adsorption (t<5min), and the second region exhibiting slope 0.020 to 0.25 ln(MeMt)/min for slower adsorption (t>15min). Soluble copper phthalocyanine dyes and their use, [Cu]. N.L. PMID: 22413262 The VOC is significantly larger than that produced by similar cells based on the commonly studied copper phthalocyanine (CuPc)/C60 heterojunction (VOC = 0.46 V). The Temkin model is particularly well-suited for predicting gas phase equilibrium with surfaces that contain a distribution of binding energies and explicitly accounts for adsorbate-adsorbate interactions by acknowledging that the heat of adsorption decreases linearly with adsorbate coverage27, 28. pails, fiber and steel drums to 1 ton super sacks in full container (FCL) or truck load (T/L) quantities. DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03425. Its electron configuration is [He]2s22p3. Solutions are packaged in polypropylene, plastic or glass jars up to palletized 440 gallon liquid totes, and 36,000 lb. In crystals with unit cells composed of n molecules, the nondegenerate excited states of each molecule are comprised of n bands, resulting in several absorption peaks22. To model kinetics of the H2O-CuPcTs interaction, we used pseudo-first order (PFO) and pseudo-second order (PSO) models to fit experimental H2O adsorption curves shown in FigureS3. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in This is the so-called Davydov splitting observed in all MPcs which gives rise to the QA, QB and QCT sub-bands23. Shaded regions represent uncertainty range. Error bars correspond to uncertainty in R/R0 due to low signal to noise ratio. The basic copper phthalocyanine has a very low solubility in water (0.009 mg/L) and in octanol (0.0004 mg/L). Prior to H2O adsorption measurements, films were placed under 103Torr (1.33103mbar) vacuum for 24hours. Lines show exponential fits. Right axes show estimated measurement sensitivity of each technique. Zhang TH, Zhao SL, Piao LY, Xu Z, Kong C. Guang Pu Xue Yu Guang Pu Fen Xi. The average height visible in the AFM image is ~21nm, which suggests that pinholes visible in the image penetrate to a depth of at least half of the film thickness. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles H413 : May cause long lasting harmful effects to aquatic life. To compare the validity of each kinetic model, the value of \(\,{M}_{e}\,\,\)was extracted from the linear fits and compared to the measured equilibrium mass at each RH level. 6, 138163 (1961). Characterization of evaporated trivalent and tetravalent phthalocyanines thin films: different degree of organization. Scientific Reports (Sci Rep) Copper (II) 1,2,3,4,8,9,10,11,15,16,17,18,22,23,24,25-hexadecafluoro-29H,31H-phthalocyanine (F16CuPc) is an organic molecule that can be used as an electron transporting material with good air-stability and an electron mobility of 0.11 cm2/Vs . Preparation of porous titania film and its application in solar cells. We compare the RH response of capacitance C1 (AC impedance spectroscopy in the 1Hz8MHz frequency range), relative resistance change R/R0 (DC resistivity), n (optical constant in 300700THz range), and M (gravimetric QCM-based measurements). Areas of interest are the oxygen reduction reaction and the sweetening of gas streams by removal of hydrogen sulfide. Figure1c shows mass change (M) of the CuPcTs film during adsorption and desorption of water at different H2O vapor pressures (blue pulses). Characterization of evaporated trivalent and tetravalent phthalocyanines thin films: different degree of organization. Due to its stability, phthalo blue is also used in inks, coatings, and many plastics. Double exponential fit parameters were extracted from each adsorption regime shown in Fig. By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. MeSH This result, related to the behavior of n and k, is caused by dielectric screening of CuPcTs by water. In particular, we find that mass-based measurements achieve the highest resolution at RH<50% while optical techniques achieve the highest resolution at RH>50%. 2017 Nov 28;11(11):11118-11126. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.7b05264. Submit a Request for Proposal (RFP) to suppliers of your choice with details on what you need with a click of a button. Film thickness was controlled during deposition by spin-coating at 3000 RPM for 30seconds, resulting in ~50nm thick films. (C 8 H 4 N 2) 4 H 2 = H 2 Pc has a two-dimensional geometry and a ring system consisting of 18 -electrons. Authors Tianhui Zhang 1 , Lingyu Piao , Suling Zha , Chao Jiang , Zheng Xu , Liyan Gao , Qian Wu , Chao Kong Affiliation 1 National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China. [17] Sulfonated phthalocyanine has been found to cause neuroanatomical defects in developing chicken embryos when injected directly into incubating eggs. If you do not agree to the use of cookies, you should not navigate Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. )Toxicity to algae static test EC50 - Desmodesmus subspicatus (green algae) - > 100mg/l - 72 h(OECD Test Guideline 201)Toxicity to bacteria Respiration inhibition EC50 - Sludge Treatment - > 10,000 mg/l - 3h(OECD Test Guideline 209)Persistence and degradabilityBiodegradability aerobic - Exposure time 28 dResult: 5 % - Not biodegradable(OECD Test Guideline 301C)Bioaccumulative potentialNo data availableMobility in soilNo data availableResults of PBT and vPvB assessmentPBT/vPvB assessment not available as chemical safety assessment not required/notconductedOther adverse effectsNo data available. Those phases can be distinguished by the overlap of their neighboring molecules. 1 0 obj
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perfect square planar complex with zinc. The absorption spectrum of ZnPc-BODIPY pentad covers most of the visible region, (ca. The description is analogous to that for copper porphyrins, which are also formally derived by double deprotonation of porphyrins. Direct blue 86 is the sodium salt of CuPc-sulfonic acid, whereas direct blue 199 is the quaternary ammonium salt of the CuPc-sulfonic acid. Both porphyrins and phthalocyanines function as planar tetradentate dianionic ligands that bind metals through four inwardly projecting nitrogen centers. Improvement of the photovoltaic parameters of perovskite solar cells using a reduced-graphene-oxide-modified titania layer and soluble copper phthalocyanine as a hole transporter. If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate. 81, 4552 (2009). Humidity effect on optical properties. American Elements is a U.S. Dyes and pigments [18] Various MPcs have also shown the ability to form nanostructures which have potential applications in electronics and biosensing. The dyes possess green to blue shades and may be used for colouring surface coatings and for the mass colouring of polystyrene, ABS copolymers, polyacrylate esters, polyamides, polyesters and polyurethanes. E.M. fabricated CuPcTs films, performed D.C. electrical measurements, impedance spectroscopy measurements, gravimetric measurements, and modelling of reaction kinetics. 56, 80058013 (2011). Vol. [32] Copper phthalocyanine dyes are produced by introducing solubilizing groups, such as one or more sulfonic acid functions. By closing this message or continuing to use our site, you agree to the use of cookies. Although the units for first and second order rate constants are different, the PSO rate constant \({k}_{2}\) clearly resembles behavior of the PFO rate constant \(\,{k}_{1-1}\), and its value lies between the values of \(\,{k}_{1-1}\) and \({k}_{1-2}\) because \(\,{k}_{2}\) describes a combination of two sequentially-occurring reactions with rates \(\,{k}_{1-1}\,\,\)and \(\,{k}_{1-2}\). 19. 110, 1651416525 (2006). Both R1 and R2 undergo slight changes at RH 57% (FigureS10). Directed electron transfer in Langmuir-Schfer layers of porphyrin-fullerene and phthalocyanine-fullerene dyads in inverted organic solar cells. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. (a) AFM image of CuPcTs film. Nitrogen is an odorless, tasteless, colorless and mostly inert gas. CAS It is paramagnetic with one unpaired electron per molecule. Safety Data Sheet according to Regulation (EC) No. The PCA results support proposed adsorption kinetics models, which indicate that a secondary adsorption process occurs after H2O saturation of strongly hydrophilic sites. %PDF-1.4
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Muckley ES, Naguib M, Wang HW, Vlcek L, Osti NC, Sacci RL, Sang X, Unocic RR, Xie Y, Tyagi M, Mamontov E, Page KL, Kent PRC, Nanda J, Ivanov IN. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help ( a ) Linearized form of pseudo-first order kinetics showing two, Humidity effect on optical properties. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. (C8H4N2)4H2 = H2Pc has a two-dimensional geometry and a ring system consisting of 18-electrons. Mobility of CuPc(SO3 Google Scholar. & Torres, T. Phthalocyanines: from outstanding electronic properties to emerging applications. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies ( a ) Wavelength-dependent extinction coefficient (k) (top, Humidity effect on electrical properties., Humidity effect on electrical properties. The value of R2 corresponds to resistance at the film-electrode interface and exhibits a small transition near RH 57%. Water exposure leads to significant decreases in k between 550 and 650nm and decreases in n between 450 and 900nm. (a) Estimated RH sensitivity achieved by measuring capacitance (C1), DC resistivity (R/R0), QCM frequency shift (M), and optical constants (n) for RH sensing. this website, certain cookies have already been set, which you may delete and These findings suggest the potential of the examined ZnPc-BODIPY pentad to be efficient photosynthetic antenna in the, Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines , 19 , 261-269, Biology: Basic Concepts And Biodiversity (BIOL 110), Assessing Impact on Student Learning (D093), Maternity and Pediatric Nursing (NUR 204), Nursing Concepts: Health and Wellness Across the Lifespan I (NUR 1020C), Microsoft Azure Architect Technologies (AZ-303), Managing Business Communications and Change (MGT-325), Professional Application in Service Learning I (LDR-461), Advanced Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions (NUR 4904), Principles Of Environmental Science (ENV 100), Operating Systems 2 (proctored course) (CS 3307), Comparative Programming Languages (CS 4402), Business Core Capstone: An Integrated Application (D083), PSY HW#3 - Homework on habituation, secure and insecure attachment and the stage theory, ECO 201 - Chapter 5 Elasticity and Its Applications, C228 Task 2 Cindy - Bentonville - Passed with no revisions, Sociology ch 2 vocab - Summary You May Ask Yourself: An Introduction to Thinking like a Sociologist, Database Systems Design Implementation and Management 9th Edition Coronel Solution Manual, Chapter 1 - BANA 2081 - Lecture notes 1,2, Chapter One Outline - Summary Campbell Biology Concepts and Connections. Journal of Photonics for Energy The kinetic study of energy transfer measured by monitoring the decay of the BODIPY emission Correspondence to 2d (bottom panel). The behavior of \({k}_{1-1}\) and \(\,{k}_{1-2}\) resembles the trend in \({{\rm{\tau }}}_{2}/{{\rm{\tau }}}_{1}\) (Fig. New insights on electro-optical response of poly (3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly (styrenesulfonate) film to humidity. We can determine that water had the highest solubility because it ran the quickest through the filter and had the lowest ++, value. [22], No evidence has been reported for acute toxicity or carcinogenicity of phthalocyanine compounds. Solubility In Water Specific Gravity PH of % Aq. Unsubstituted phthalocyanines strongly absorb light between 600 and 700nm, thus these materials are blue or green. Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency proceduresAvoid dust formation. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted However, recents trends show a reverse tendency for the baking process mainly on the grounds of economical and ecological concerns (solvent-free, shorter lead time). *Density for the .beta. [35], CuPc crystallizes in various forms (polymorphs). We (1) investigate water adsorption kinetics on CuPcTs for better understanding the effects of relative humidity (RH) on hydrophilic phthalocyanines, and (2) assess CuPcTs as a humidity-sensing material. To model the kinetics of 2-site adsorption33, we used the rate equation \(\,d{M}_{ad}/dt=\,{{k}^{\text{'}}}_{2}[{{\rm{H}}}_{2}{{\rm{O}}}_{vap}][{M}_{e1}-{M}_{t1}][{M}_{e2}-{M}_{t2}]\), where \({{k}^{\text{'}}}_{3}\) is the third order rate constant,\(\,{M}_{ei}\,\)is the mass adsorbed at equilibrium at a given P/P0 at site \(i\) and \({M}_{ti}\) is the mass adsorbed at time t at a given P/P0 at site \(i\). Copper(II) Phthalocyanine (-form) Basic information: Product Name: . Chemical Engineering Journal This is consistent with saturation of a strongly hydrophilic adsorption site at low RH (corresponding to \(\,{k}_{1-1}\)) and an increase in the activity of a second site as RH increases (corresponding to \(\,{k}_{1-2}\)). yj> Photoinactivation of bacteria. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Park, J. H., Lee, S. & Kummel, A. C. Domain fracture and recovery process of metal phthalocyanine monolayers via NO2 and H2O. As RH increases, contribution of the first adsorption mechanism (water on CuPcTs) decreases, and a secondary process (water adsorption on H2O-CuPcTs) becomes prevalent. Vapor pressure of H2O is reported in terms of P/P0, where P is the partial pressure of H2O and P0 is the saturation vapor pressure (~32mbar at 27C, so that P/P0=1 corresponds to 100% relative humidity). CuPcTs films were deposited from solution on pre-cleaned 5MHz AT-cut gold-coated quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) crystals with 1cm2 active electrode area, conductive n-doped SiO2 substrates, and undoped SiO2 substrates with pre-patterned gold interdigitated electrodes (10nm thickness, 2m spacing, 100 digits per electrode). Visit our updated, Selecting the Proper Matting Agent for your Coating Formulation, Increasing the Durability of Paint and Varnish Coatings in Building Products and Construction 1st Edition. Multi-mode humidity sensing with water-soluble copper phthalocyanine for increased sensitivity and dynamic range. The number of electrons in each of copper's shells is 2, 8, 18, 1 and its electron configuration is [Ar]3d10 4s1. All Rights Reserved BNP Media. 156, 210 (2010). This website requires certain cookies to work and uses other cookies to help you have the best experience. The LD50 (rats, oral) is 10g/kg.[12]. 61: 20576-20586. (d) Top panel: comparison of Site-2 occupancy (\({\theta }_{2}\)) as estimated from pseudo-first order kinetic and double exponential models. Here, sensitivity refers to the smallest RH changes detectable by the particular measurement technique at a given water vapor pressure P/P0 as estimated from the signal to noise ratio (SNR) for each response. RH dependence of principal components is shown in main plots with each components contribution to the actual spectra shown in the insets. Strong NIR absorption in V(MeIm)(Pc). The results suggest that rapid H2O adsorption takes place at hydrophilic sulfonyl/salt groups on domain surfaces at low RH, while slow adsorption and diffusion of H2O into CuPcTs crystallites leads to a mixed CuPcTs-H2O phase at RH>60%, resulting in high frequency dielectric screening of the film by water and dissociation of Na+ from CuPc(SO3
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